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Raie Manta

La raie manta (Manta birostris), aussi appelée « diable des mers », est un poisson cartilagineux de la famille des Myliobatidae. Elle doit son nom au mot espagnol Manta signifiant "couverture". C'est la plus grande des raies, atteignant plus de huit mètres d'envergure et plus de trois tonnes. Elle vit dans les eaux tropicales, souvent autour des récifs coralliens. C'est un être paisible et tout à fait inoffensif.


Description

Il s'agit d'un poisson cartilagineux rajiforme dont le corps possède deux grandes « ailes », une queue courte, ainsi qu'une tête presque plate avec, de chaque côté, deux extrémités appelés cornes céphaliques, évoquant un animal cornu, d'où son nom vernaculaire de « diable des mers ». Les yeux, petits, se trouvent aux côtés bas de chaque extrémité, en opposition à la bouche. L'animal possède, sur la phase ventrale, 5 paires d'ouïes. La mâchoire supérieure est édentée, mais l'inférieure possède plusieurs dents dont la fonction exacte est inconnue; il pourrait s'agir de parties vestigiales.La raie manta possède une coloration la plus part du temps bleue, mais peut être noire ou grise, souvent tachetée de blanc sur certaines parties. La zone ventrale de l'animal est généralement blanche, parfois tachetée de noir.

Alimentation

La raie manta se nourrit d'animaux planctoniques et de petits animaux nectoniques (petits poissons). Il piège ses proies et les avale grâce à sa gueule grande ouverte, les cornes céphaliques dirigeants la nourriture vers la bouche, puis l'eau est filtrée puis ressortie par les ouïes, les animaux les plus petits étant gardés pour être mangés. Ce comportement alimentaire se retrouve chez le requin baleine et le requin pèlerin.


Comportement

C'est un animal grégaire, vivant en bandes de quelques individus ou en couples, rarement seul. On l'observe souvent sauter hors de l'eau.ReproductionLa reproduction est sexuée. Ce sont des animaux ovovipares : les œufs éclosent dans le ventre de la femelle. Ces dernières mettent au monde leurs petits en sautant hors de l'eau.


Vie associée

Des poissons de la famille des Echeneidae, dont les remora s'accrochent toujours sur une raie manta pour voyager sans se fatiguer et récupérer la nourriture délaissée par leur hôte. De nombreux parasites font de même. On pense que les sauts hors de l'eau peuvent servir à se débarrasser des parasites et des rémoras accrochées.


Lieu de vie

La raie manta vit dans les océans: Pacifique, Atlantique et Indien.PrédateursSes seuls prédateurs connus sont l'orque, l'homme (mais de manière plus restreinte), et certains requins lorsque la raie manta est blessée ou trop faible pour se défendre.
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